Diuretics Practice Exam

Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide) inhibit sodium reabsorption primarily by blocking which transporter?

A key reason loop diuretics are the most efficacious diuretics is that they inhibit about what fraction of filtered NaCl reabsorption?

By blocking NKCC2, loop diuretics abolish the lumen-positive potential in the thick ascending limb. This most directly decreases reabsorption of which ions?

Which diuretic is NOT a sulfonamide and is classically reserved for patients with a true sulfa allergy, but carries a higher ototoxicity risk?

Loop diuretics can cause hypokalemia primarily because they:

A patient on high-dose loop diuretics develops a metabolic alkalosis. The most likely mechanism is increased:

Which loop diuretic is commonly used for pulmonary edema/CHF due to rapid onset and strong diuretic effect?

Loop diuretics can help in acute hypercalcemia (historically with saline). Mechanistically, loops increase Ca2+ excretion by:

Thiazide diuretics lower urinary calcium excretion. Which statement best explains this?

Which diuretic is useful for glaucoma and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness by decreasing aqueous humor production and causing a mild metabolic acidosis?

Which drug is a potassium-sparing diuretic that directly blocks epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) in the collecting duct?

Spironolactone and eplerenone are potassium-sparing diuretics that work by:

A classic adverse effect of spironolactone you should warn male patients about is:

Which combination is most likely to cause dangerous hyperkalemia?

A patient with GFR 25 mL/min/1.73m² has uncontrolled hypertension. Which diuretic class is most effective for BP control at this level of renal function?

Which adverse effect is shared by several sulfonamide diuretics (e.g., furosemide, HCTZ, acetazolamide)?

A patient on loop diuretics develops tinnitus and hearing changes after starting another antibiotic. Which co-medication most increases ototoxicity risk?

Which diuretic commonly causes hypomagnesemia with prolonged use?

A patient with severe systolic heart failure has diuretic resistance on high-dose furosemide. Adding which class often produces a more potent diuresis (sequential nephron blockade)?

Thiazide diuretics increase the risk of which metabolic adverse effect, particularly at higher doses?

Which diuretic is most likely to cause a hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis?

A patient with ascites from cirrhosis is started on a diuretic that counteracts hyperaldosteronism. Which is first-line?

A patient on a loop diuretic has persistent metabolic alkalosis with normal potassium in the setting of CHF. Which additional diuretic can help correct the alkalosis?

Which statement about loop diuretic pharmacology is most accurate?

A patient on hydrochlorothiazide develops mild hypokalemia. Which add-on is most appropriate if you want to minimize K+ loss without major BP changes?