====== Drugs for Anxiety & Affective Disorders ======

This module covers the core medications used for:
  * **Anxiety disorders** (GAD, panic, OCD, PTSD, social anxiety)
  * **Affective disorders** (depression and related mood syndromes)

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Most anxiety disorders are comorbid with depression  
→ SSRIs/SNRIs are the foundation
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===== Lecture Resources =====

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📄 **Lecture Handout (PDF)** \\

[[ :neuro:psych:drugs_for_anxiety_and_affective_disorders.pdf | Download PDF ]]
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▶ **Lecture Video (YouTube)** \\

(add video link)
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===== Quick Navigation =====

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==== Anxiety Disorders ====
  * [[neuro:psych:anxiety:start|Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)]]
  * [[neuro:psych:panic:start|Panic Disorder]]
  * [[neuro:psych:ocd:start|Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)]]
  * [[neuro:psych:ptsd:start|PTSD]]
  * [[neuro:psych:social_anxiety:start|Social Anxiety]]

==== First-Line Classes ====
  * [[neuro:psych:ssri:start|SSRIs]]
  * [[neuro:psych:snri:start|SNRIs]]

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==== Affective Disorders ====
  * [[neuro:psych:depression:start|Major Depressive Disorder]]
  * [[neuro:psych:bipolar:start|Bipolar Disorder]]

==== Symptom-Based Add-Ons ====
  * [[neuro:psych:benzodiazepines:start|Benzodiazepines]]
  * [[neuro:psych:anxiolytics:buspirone|Buspirone]]
  * [[neuro:psych:anxiolytics:hydroxyzine|Hydroxyzine]]
  * [[cardio:beta_blockers:propranolol|Propranolol]] (performance anxiety)

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===== Drugs to Know =====

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Two classes are used most often for anxiety: **Benzodiazepines** and **SSRIs/SNRIs**
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===== Antidepressants =====

==== Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) ====
  * [[neuro:psych:ssri:citalopram|Citalopram]] (Celexa®)
  * [[neuro:psych:ssri:escitalopram|Escitalopram]] (Lexapro®)
  * [[neuro:psych:ssri:fluoxetine|Fluoxetine]] (Prozac®)
  * [[neuro:psych:ssri:fluvoxamine|Fluvoxamine]] (Luvox®)
  * [[neuro:psych:ssri:paroxetine|Paroxetine]] (Paxil®)
  * [[neuro:psych:ssri:sertraline|Sertraline]] (Zoloft®)

==== Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) ====
  * [[neuro:psych:snri:desvenlafaxine|Desvenlafaxine]] (Pristiq®)
  * [[neuro:psych:snri:duloxetine|Duloxetine]] (Cymbalta®)
  * [[neuro:psych:snri:levomilnacipran|Levomilnacipran]] (Fetzima®)
  * [[neuro:psych:snri:milnacipran|Milnacipran]] (Savella®)
  * [[neuro:psych:snri:venlafaxine|Venlafaxine]] (Effexor®)

==== Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) ====
  * [[neuro:psych:tca:amitriptyline|Amitriptyline]] (Elavil®)
  * [[neuro:psych:tca:amoxapine|Amoxapine]]
  * [[neuro:psych:tca:clomipramine|Clomipramine]]
  * [[neuro:psych:tca:desipramine|Desipramine]] (Norpramin®)
  * [[neuro:psych:tca:doxepin|Doxepin]] (Silenor®)
  * [[neuro:psych:tca:imipramine|Imipramine]] (Tofranil®)
  * [[neuro:psych:tca:nortriptyline|Nortriptyline]] (Pamelor®)
  * [[neuro:psych:tca:protriptyline|Protriptyline]]
  * [[neuro:psych:tca:trimipramine|Trimipramine]]

==== MAO Inhibitors (MAOIs) ====
  * [[neuro:psych:maoi:isocarboxazid|Isocarboxazid]]
  * [[neuro:psych:maoi:phenelzine|Phenelzine]] (Nardil®)
  * [[neuro:psych:maoi:selegiline|Selegiline]]
  * [[neuro:psych:maoi:tranylcypromine|Tranylcypromine]]

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===== Atypical / “Add-On” Antidepressants =====

==== NDRI ====
  * [[neuro:psych:atypical_antidepressants:bupropion|Bupropion]] (Wellbutrin®)

==== Alpha-2 Antagonist ====
  * [[neuro:psych:atypical_antidepressants:mirtazapine|Mirtazapine]] (Remeron®)

==== Serotonin Modulators / Multimodal Agents ====
  * [[neuro:psych:serotonin_modulators:trazodone|Trazodone]] (Desyrel®)
  * [[neuro:psych:serotonin_modulators:nefazodone|Nefazodone]] (Serzone®)
  * [[neuro:psych:serotonin_modulators:vilazodone|Vilazodone]] (Viibryd®)
  * [[neuro:psych:serotonin_modulators:vortioxetine|Vortioxetine]] (Trintellix®)

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===== Anxiety-Specific Agents =====

==== Benzodiazepines (GABA-A PAMs) ====
  * [[neuro:psych:benzodiazepines:diazepam|Diazepam]] (Valium®)
  * [[neuro:psych:benzodiazepines:lorazepam|Lorazepam]] (Ativan®)
  * [[neuro:psych:benzodiazepines:clonazepam|Clonazepam]] (Klonopin®)
  * [[neuro:psych:benzodiazepines:alprazolam|Alprazolam]] (Xanax®)

==== 5-HT1A Partial Agonist ====
  * [[neuro:psych:anxiolytics:buspirone|Buspirone]] (Buspar®)

==== Antihistamine (Anxiolytic) ====
  * [[neuro:psych:anxiolytics:hydroxyzine|Hydroxyzine]] (Vistaril®/Atarax®)

==== Beta-Blocker (Performance Anxiety) ====
  * [[cardio:beta_blockers:propranolol|Propranolol]]

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===== Rapid-Acting / Newer Agents =====

==== NMDA Modulators ====
  * [[neuro:psych:rapid_acting:ketamine|Ketamine]]
  * [[neuro:psych:rapid_acting:esketamine|Esketamine]] (Spravato®)
  * [[neuro:psych:rapid_acting:bupropion_dextromethorphan|Bupropion/Dextromethorphan]]

==== Neurosteroid GABA-A Modulators ====
  * [[neuro:psych:neurosteroids:brexanolone|Brexanolone]]
  * [[neuro:psych:neurosteroids:zuranolone|Zuranolone]]
  * [[neuro:psych:neurosteroids:ganaxolone|Ganaxolone]]

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===== Mood Stabilizers =====

  * [[neuro:psych:mood_stabilizers:lithium|Lithium]]
  * [[neuro:psych:mood_stabilizers:divalproex|Divalproex Sodium]]
  * [[neuro:psych:mood_stabilizers:carbamazepine|Carbamazepine]]

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===== Antidotes / High-Yield Extras =====

  * [[neuro:psych:antidotes:cyproheptadine|Cyproheptadine]] (serotonin syndrome antidote)

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===== Related =====

  * [[neuro:psych:start|Psychiatry Pharmacology]]
  * [[lectures:psych:start|Psychiatry Lectures]]
  * [[neuro:psych:ssri:start|SSRIs]]
  * [[neuro:psych:snri:start|SNRIs]]
  * [[neuro:psych:benzodiazepines:start|Benzodiazepines]]